Cast iron refers to an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon content of 2% or more. Industrial cast iron typically contains 2% to 4% carbon. Carbon in cast iron primarily exists as graphite, sometimes as cementite. In addition to carbon, cast iron also contains 1% to 3% silicon, as well as elements such as manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. Ductile iron is obtained by spheroidizing molten gray cast iron. The resulting graphite is spherical, often referred to as ductile iron. Compared to ordinary gray cast iron, it has higher strength, better toughness, and greater plasticity. It is used in the manufacture of internal combustion engines, automotive parts, and agricultural machinery.